A tape is a flexible device used for measuring linear distances. There are tapes made of many materials, such as cloth, kevlar, steel, and invar. The most common tape used by surveyors is the steel tape. Standard lengths are 100 feet (for English unit surveys) or 30 meters (for SI unit surveys). Tapes are usually marked at every foot or meter. At the ends of the tape, there

Surveying equipment is being used under most stressful conditions. The equipment is exposed to extreme weather conditions, used in dusty construction areas and is subject to bumpy transportation. Proper care in the method by which equipment is used, stored, transported, and adjusted is a major factor in the successful completion of the survey. Lack of good

Surge tank (or surge chamber) is a device introduced within a hydropower water conveyance system having a rather long pressure conduit to absorb the excess pressure rise in case of a sudden valve closure. The surge tank is located between the almost horizontal or slightly inclined conduit and steeply sloping penstock and is designed as a chamber excavated in the mountain.

Tensile strength of a material is the tension stress at which a material breaks or permanently deforms (changes shape) Toughness, Resilience, Poisson's ratio can also be found by the use of this testing technique. This data is plotted as load vs elongation and then converted to engineering stress (load/original area) vs engineering strain (fractional change in length over

Shrinkage dish, electric oven, mercury, electric balance, sieve#40, spatula and containers. Take a soil sample passing through sieve#40 and add some amount of water in it to form a thick uniform paste. Take the shrinkage dish, weigh it, and put some of the soil mixture in it by spatula, fill it and again weigh it. Place the shrinkage dish in the oven for 24hours.