Skip to main content
Feb 26, 2016 / Haseeb Jamal -

5 Travel Myths You Need to Stop Believing Right Now

Feb 26, 2016 / Haseeb Jamal -

Canal Comes Alive with Lighted Boat Parade.

Environmental Impacts of Coastal Structures

The placement of engineered structures on or near the coastline must be contemplated with extreme care. In general, alteration of the natural coastline comes with an associated environmental penalty. Hard (structures made of stone, steel, concrete, etc.) or soft (beach nourishment, sediment-filled bags, etc.) engineering structures can

Chemical Properties of Chlorine - Chemistry of Chlorination

Chlorine is a highly reactive element, readily forming compounds with other elements. It has a strong tendency to gain one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in the formation of chloride ions (Cl-). Chlorine can react with a wide range of substances, including metals, nonmetals, and organic compounds.

Estimation of Water Demand

While estimating the water demand, the above factors should be considered e.g. the size of the city; its population does matter when estimating the water demand. The more the size of population, more will be the demand. Estimation of water demand is necessary to:

Particle Size Analysis in WasteWater

To understand nature of particles that comprise TSS in wastewater, measurement of particle size is undertaken. PSD important in assessing effectiveness of treatment processes (secondary sedimentation, effluent filtration, and effluent disinfection).

Classification of Solids in Wastewater

In wastewater treatment, the solid content is classified based on the size and nature of the particles present. The classification helps in determining the appropriate treatment processes for removing or separating solids from the wastewater. Here are the common classifications of solid content in wastewater:

Process of Environmental Impact Assessment - Stages in EIA

The first step of EIA process to decide whether or not EIA is required. It is a preliminarily study to investigate the negative and positive impacts of a proposed project. The project type and size is used to evaluate the extent of potential environmental impacts. Small projects some time have more adverse environmental effects than larger projects . Therefore, the

Scope, Benefits and Problems in Environmental Impact Assessment

The study of EIA effectiveness shows a number of difficulties and constraints, generally although not universally applicable, that continue to prevent and hinder EIA from consistently delivering these advantages and benefits:

What is Environmental Impact Assessment and its Objectives

An environment impact Assessment is an event or effect, which results from a prior event. It can be described as the change in an environmental parameter, over a specific period and within a defined area, resulting from a particular activity compared with the situation which would have occurred had the activity not been initiated.

Types of Activated Sludge Process - Plug Flow, Complete Mix, SBR

In CMAS, mixing of tank contents is sufficient so that ideally concentrations of mixed-liquor constituents, soluble substances (COD, BOD, NH4-N), and colloidal and suspended solids do not vary with location in aeration basin. Plug Flow involves relatively long and narrow aeration basins so that concentration of soluble substances and colloidal and suspended solids

Microbial Metabolism in Biological Waste Water Treatment

Carbon and Energy Sources for Microbial Growth: Organism must have sources of energy, carbon for synthesis of new cellular material, and inorganic elements (nutrients) such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium; Carbon Sources: Organisms that use organic carbon for formation of new biomass are called heterotrophs; Organisms that derive cell carbon from carbon dioxide are called autotrophs

Biological De-Nitrification Process in Waste Water Treatment System

Biological reduction of nitrate to nitric oxide, nitrousoxide, and nitrogen gas. Involves both nitrification and denitrification. Biological nitrogen removal (BNR) is more cost effective and used more often as compared to ammonia stripping, breakpoint chlorination and ion exchange; BNR is used in wastewater treatment where: there are concerns for eutrophication;

Biological Nitrification Process in Waste Water Treatment System

Total concentration of organic and ammonia nitrogen in municipal wastewater in the range 25‐ 45 mg/L as nitrogen based on flowrate of 450 L/capita.d (120 gal/capita.d). With limited water supplies, total nitrogen in excess of 200 mg/L as N measured in domestic wastewater. Drinking water maximum MCL for nitrate nitrogen is 45 mg/L as nitrate or 10

Sources of Drinking Water

Streams, rivers and lakes are the major sources of surface waters. Usually these sources fulfill the requirements of municipal supplies. Water in these sources originates partly from groundwater outflows and partly from rainwater which flows over the terrestrial areas into the surface water bodies. Outflows from groundwater brings in, the dissolved solids.

What is Disinfection and Methods of Disinfection of Water

In the water treatment processes, pathogens & other organisms can be partly physically eliminated through coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, & filtration, in addition to the natural die-off. After filtration, to ensure pathogen free water, the chemical addition of chlorine (so called chlorination), rightly or wrongly, is most widely used for disinfection of drinking water

Chemical Characteristics of Sewage - BOD, COD, Nutrients, DO

In sanitary sewage about 75 % of suspended solids and 40% of filterable solids are organic. These solids are derived from both animals, plant and humans. Organic compounds usually consist of C; H; O; N along with S; P and Iron. The organic substances found in sewage are Protein (40-60%); Carbohydrates (25-50%), fats and oils (10%). Along with these organic

Search AboutCivil