Food to Microorganisms Ratio (F/M)
A parameter of organic loading rate in the design aerated sludge parameter in the design of Trickling Filter in organic loading rate = kg of BOD / m3-d
Uses & Design of Flow Equalization Tank
Flow equalization is method used to overcome the operational problems and flow rate variations to improve the performance of downstream processes and to reduce the size & cost of downstream treatment facilities. To prevent flow rate, temperature, and contaminant concentrations from varying widely, flow equalization is often used. Variations occurTo Measure COD of WasteWater using Open Reflux Method
KMn04 was used as oxidizing agent for many time pb with KMno4 was that different value of COD obtained due to strength change of KMno4. BOD value obtained greater than COD with KMno4 means KMno4 was not oxidizing all the substances.Public Health Engineering
The public health engineering sector is responsible for the Collection of water, purification, transmission and distribution of water. A Public Health Engineer has to perform his job by calculating design flow, design population, design area and population density. Quality of the collected water is checked by physical and chemical tests on water and if the quantity is notPopulation Forecasting Methods & Techniques
Population is one of the most important factors for design of the water systems, so it should be estimated, so as to know the increasing demand and ensure continuous supply to them. Population data is obtained by previous records and the rate of increase is found out and this used for further analysis, which may be by using the methods described belowSectoral Consumption of Water
Domestic uses of water include the consumption of water for drinking, washing, cooking, toilets, livestock etc. the domestic average use per capita per day is 50 – 90 gallons (70 – 380 liters per capita per day).Factors Affecting Selection of Water Source
The quantity of water available at the source must be sufficient to meet various demands and requirements of the design population during the entire design period. Plans should be made to bring water from other sources if the available water is insufficient. The water available at the source must not be toxic, poisonous or in anyway injurious to health. The impuritiesSources of Fresh Water in Environmentl Engg.
The quantity of water available at the source must be sufficient to meet various demands and requirements of the design population during the entire design period. Plans should be made to bring water from other sources if the available water is insufficient.Chemical Characteristics of Water
Hardness is the property that makes water to require more soap to produce a foam or lather. Hardness of water is not harmful for human health but can be precipitated by heating so can produce damaging effects in boilers, hot pipes etc by depositing the material and reducing the water storage and carriage capacity. Absolute soft water on the other hand is not acceptable
Municipal Wastewater Treatment Systems
Collection of domestic wastewater is best achieved by a full sewerage water drain age system. Unfortunately this method is most expensive and there is relatively few communities in hot climate which afford it. A modern hygienic method of night soil collection is the only realistic alternative. Treatment is required principally to destroy pathogenic agents in sewage or night
Preliminary Treatment of Waste Water
The first unit operation generally encountered in wastewater treatment plants is screening. A screen is a device with openings, generally of uniform size, that is used to retain solids found in the influent wastewater to the treatment pant. The principal role of screening is to remove coarse materials (pieces of wood, plastics, rags, papers, leaves, roots etc.) from the
Types of Primary Sedimentation Tanks
Some removal is essential in primary sedimentation tanks because of the grease and other floating matter which is present in wastewater. The sludge serapes can return along the length of the tank a the water surface. As they move towards the outlet end of the bank, the flights then move the sum towards a skimmer located just upstream of the effluent weirs.
Secondary Biological Wastewater Treatment Process
The main objective of secondary treatment: To remove most of the fine suspended and dissolved degradable organic matter that remains after primary treatment, so that the effluent may be rendered suitable for discharge. Conventional secondary treatment can reduce the BOD's
