The true stress (ø) uses the instantaneous or actual area of the specimen at any given point, as opposed to the original area used in the engineering values. The true strain (e) is defined as the instantaneous elongation per unit length of the specimen. The relationship between true stress and true strain i.e. the flow curve can be expressed using the power law:

It is a device which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy or hydraulic energy into electrical energy. Turbines can also be termed as machines extracting energy from fluids. Water driven tubes are used primarily for the development of hydro-electric energy. There can be two basic types of hydraulic turbines. In impulse turbines a free jet of water strikes the

The channel is the same thing that is used for the water carriage purpose, however in case of hydropower projects the channel that takes water from the intake (Diversion Structure) is usually called connecting channel. It's tunnel is to be used in between the intake and power house otherwise called headrace channel, if no tunnel is to be used in between the intake and

Below is the list of 5 main types of bridges: Girder bridges Arch bridges Cable-stayed bridges Rigid Frame Bridges Truss bridges. It is the most common and most basic bridge type. In its simplest form, a log across a creek is an example of a girder bridge; the two most common girders are I-beam girders and box-girders

Bitumen is viscous elastic material without sharply defined melting points. They gradually become softer and less viscous as the temperature rises. This is the reason why the softening point of bitumen is determined. Softening point is not a melting point, bituminous material do not melt but instead gradually change from semi solids to liquids on application to heating. Softening point is indicative of the tendency of