Advantages of lined canals: Avoiding excessive loss of water due to seepage, To avoid erosion, To avoid water logging of adjacent lands due to seepage, To reduce flow resistance, To help in control of weeds aquatic growth, To provide needed side slope stability

Irrigation is a vital component of agricultural practices, enabling farmers to provide water to their crops and ensure optimal growth and productivity. The availability and accessibility of water for irrigation purposes depend on various sources, with two primary sources being groundwater and surface water. Understanding the

Concrete is a stone like substance obtained by permitting a carefully proportioned mixture of cement, sand and gravel or other aggregate and water to harden in forms of the shape and of dimensions of the desired structure. Long horizontal or inclined members with limited width and height are called beams. Their main function is to transfer loads from the slab to the columns.

The prehistoric and the Old civilization established themselves near water sources. While the importance of water quantity for drinking purposes was apparent to our ancestors treatment processes was not well known. Water treatment originally focused on improving the aesthetic and Sight qualities of drinking. Ancient Sanskrit & Ancient Greek writings

Based upon the range of biological reactions occurring in pounds there are three types of ponds. Aerobic (high-rate) pond in which there is no significant anaerobic or sludge zone. Anaerobic ponds, in which the contribution of any possible aerobic surface layer is small. Oxidation ponds (so called facultative or aerobic anaerobic pond in which have the whole range of reaction