Qavg is the daily average flow based on yearly data.. Normally, the treatment units are designed on the basis of daily average flow while peak and minimum flows are used to check the capacities of basin and conduits in extreme flow condition. Mass Loading Factor takes care for the fluctuation in wastewater flows and the respective characteristics loading parameters.

In any hydropower projects the diversion structures occupies the key position. Among these diverging structures weir is the most commonly used structure, because of its simple design and operation. Different types of weir can be used as diverging structures some of them are given below: Sharp crested weir Broad crested weir Ogee weir Tyrolean weir weir with lateral intake etc

Prepare a test specimen of at least 2ft. Measure at least 3 places dia of steel bar by a VC and calculate the average value. Mark the gauge length i.e 2 marks 8” apart.

The Los Angeles test is a measure of degradation of mineral aggregates of standard gradings resulting from a combination of actions including abrasion or attrition, impact, and grinding in a rotating steel drum containing a specified number of steel spheres. The Los Angeles (L.A.) abrasion test is a common test method used to indicate aggregate toughness and abrasion

In this test we examine the consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining the distance in tenths of a millimetre that a standard needle vertically penetrates the bitumen specimen under known conditions of loading, time and temperature. This is the most widely used method of measuring the consistency of a bituminous material at a given temperature. It is a means of