In this test we examine the consistency of a sample of bitumen by determining the distance in tenths of a millimetre that a standard needle vertically penetrates the bitumen specimen under known conditions of loading, time and temperature. This is the most widely used method of measuring the consistency of a bituminous material at a given temperature. It is a means of

Following are the various types of chain in common use: Metric chains Steel band or Band chain Gunter's chain or surveyors chain Engineers chain Revenue chain Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached. Length = 66’ (22 yards), No of links = 100

Aggregates are the most mined material in the world. Construction aggregate is a broad category of granular raw material of different sizes (sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete etc) used in construction. Aggregate can be used in a number of ways in construction. In roads and railway ballast the aggregates are used to resist the overall (static as well as

The term traffic volume study can be termed as traffic flow survey or simply the traffic survey. It is defined as the procedure to determine mainly volume of traffic moving on the roads at a particular section during a particular time. Toll Plazas are now a day constructed for the collection of revenue from the road users. This process is very efficient for collection of

Although moisture is always present in the atmosphere but it is condensed only when air is cooled and saturated with some water vapors. Usually mechanism by which air is cooled to cause precipitation is the lifting of air mass. Based on lifting of air carrying vapors, precipitation is classified as follows: Cyclonic precipitation Convective precipitation Orographic precipitation