At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit below the bed of the drainage at a

It is defined as observing the object in SD, a process requiring a person to have normal binocular vision. A person with vision in only one eye can not see stereoscopically. If figure two eyes are separated y a distance ‘b’ called eye base or intraocular distance (65mm or 2.6//). Combined image of a and as seen left and eyes appear to fuse at ‘M’ while images of b and

While analyzing any indeterminate structure using any method, it is necessary that the solution satisfy the following requirements: Equilibrium of the Structure Compatibility of the Structure Force Displacement Requirements

Truss (Pin connected joints): A type of structure formed by members in triangular form, the resulting figure is called a truss. In truss joints are pin connected and loads are applied at joints. No shear force & bending moment are produced. Only axial compression and axial tension is to be determined while analyzing a truss. Structural Members: Those members that are

Tunnel, passage, gallery, or roadway beneath the ground or underwater. Tunnels are used for highway traffic, railways, and subways; to transport water, sewage, oil, and gas; to divert rivers around dam sites while the dam is being built; and for military and civil-defense purposes. Subterranean galleries are a series of horizontal passageways on different levels, as in