In surveying relative position of points are located by measurement from at least two points of reference, whose positions must be known already. Ranging is process of establishing Intermediate points on straight line between the terminal points or stations. Two methods can be employed depending on the intervisibility : Direct Ranging, Indirect Ranging: It Is used

At the site, the drainage should cross the canal alignment at right angles. Such a site provides good flow conditions and also the cost of the structure is usually a minimum. The stream at the site should be stable and should have stable banks. For economical design and construction of foundations, a firm and strong sub-stratum should exit below the bed of the drainage at a

It is defined as observing the object in SD, a process requiring a person to have normal binocular vision. A person with vision in only one eye can not see stereoscopically. If figure two eyes are separated y a distance ‘b’ called eye base or intraocular distance (65mm or 2.6//). Combined image of a and as seen left and eyes appear to fuse at ‘M’ while images of b and

While analyzing any indeterminate structure using any method, it is necessary that the solution satisfy the following requirements: Equilibrium of the Structure Compatibility of the Structure Force Displacement Requirements

Truss (Pin connected joints): A type of structure formed by members in triangular form, the resulting figure is called a truss. In truss joints are pin connected and loads are applied at joints. No shear force & bending moment are produced. Only axial compression and axial tension is to be determined while analyzing a truss. Structural Members: Those members that are