Both immediate and consolidation settlement analysis requires estimate of increase in pressure (ΔHσ) in the soil layers from the applied loads. Several methods are available to estimate the increase in pressure at any depth z from the applied load. We will discuss: 2h: 1v Slope Method An early method is to use 2 (horizontal): 1 (vertical) slope as shown in figure.

The composition of the compounds determines its hardness or softness. Stones containing Si, Na, K are poor while that containing Mg, Ca, and Fe are good, as they are harder. If the stone is composed of soft and unhardened materials it will result in a soft materials and vice versa. The amount of soft and hard material in a specific sample of stone also matters.

Being cheap, hard, durable and naturally good looking, stones are often used in construction but keeping in view the variable properties of stones of different types, there must be some criteria for the selection of stones for construction. The criteria is based upon the following parameters: Chemical composition of stone: Strength and hardness, Durability, Resistance

Because of the wide variety of geosynthetics available, along with their different polymers, filaments, bonding mechanisms, thicknesses, masses, and so on, they have a wide range of physical and mechanical properties. A further complicating factor is the variability of some properties, even within the same manufactured lot or roll. Differences may sometimes be due

The development of a plastic stress distribution over the cross-section can be hindered by two different length effects: A simply supported beam can be subjected to gravity transverse loading. Due to this loading the beam will deflect downward and its upper part will be placed in compression and hence will act as compression member. Beams are generally