Soils derive their strength from contact between particles capable of transmitting normal as well as shear forces. The contact between soil particles is mainly due to friction and the corresponding stress between the soil grains is called the effective (or inter-granular) stress s'. Thus, the shear strength of a soil is mainly governed by the effective stress. Besides the

Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice By Karl Terzaghi, Ralph Brazelton Peck, Gholamreza Mesri

Connection transmits the force by friction produced between the faying surfaces by the clamping action f the bolts. Slip-critical connections are recommended for joints subjected to stress reversal, severe stress fluctuation, impact, vibration or where slip is objectionable

In the plastic region, the true stress increases continuously i.e when a metal is strained beyond the yield point, more and more stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation and the metal seems to have become more stronger and more difficult to deform. This implies that the metal is becoming stronger as the strain increases. Hence, it is called "Strain

Solid waste can be defined as material that no longer has any value to the person who is responsible for it, and is not intended to be discharged through a pipe. It is generated by domestic, commercial, industrial, health care,agricultural and mineral extraction activities and accumulates in streets and public places. The words "garbage", "trash", "refuse" and "rubbish" are