The method of setting out is the reverse of surveying process. The process involves the positions and levels of building lines and road alignments shown on the construction plans to be established on the ground by various techniques and instruments. A building can be set out by taking referencing from an already established baseline. An irregular building or a building

Plastic saturated soils (silts and clays) usually have lower shear strength than non-plastic cohesion less soil and are more susceptible to bearing capacity failure. For saturated plastic soils, the bearing capacity often has to be calculated for different condition. Total Stress Analysis (Short term condition) that uses the un-drained shear strength of the plastic soil. Effective

A truss structure is composed of slender members joined together at their end points Members are commonly wooden struts or metal bars Joint connections are formed by bolting or welding the ends of the members to a common plate (gusset plate) or by simply passing a large bolt or pin through each of the members

A simply supported beam is the most simple arrangement of the structure. The beam is supported at each end, and the load is distributed along its length. A simply supported beam cannot have any translational displacements at its support points, but no restriction is placed on rotations at the supports. Fig:1 Formulas for Design of Simply Supported Beam having

All civil works must be durable and maintainable to 15 years, except in cases of specific components where rebuild is explicitly included and costed in the management plan. Civil works must be designed for adequate and safe performance at minimum expense. Reliable methods of diverting flow from the silt basin, canal, forebay, and from the penstock, so that