Condition of equilibrium for vertical parallel forces acting on a body is Sum of all the force s should be zero. It should satisfy the principle of moments . If we take moment about a point on moments should be equal to anti clockwise moments.

Apart from structural design and safety there are a lot of other factors that are to be considered as key players in the field of design and construction. Let's take the simple case of civil engineering that mostly deals with building design and construction. In case of structural design an optimum factor of safety is provided that will try to prevent the occurrence

Each flow path transmits the same quantity of seepage. Area bounded by two consecutive flow lines and equipotential lines is a square. Flow channel: Space between two consecutive flow lines is called flow path / flow channel. Equipotential Lines: Location of phreatic surface / phreatic line / top flow line. Properties of Flownet. Each flow path transmits the same

The water-content determination is a routine laboratory procedure. ASTM has designeated it with a Standard, ASTM D-2216-90 which can be found in “ASTM Standards vol. 4.08”, and also AASHTO T-265, found under “AASHTO Materials: Part II: Tests”. This is a laboratory procedure to determine the amount of water Ww present in a quantity of soil in terms of its

Located at the intakes from river, lakes & reservoirs for water treatment plant or at wet well into which main trunk sewer discharge for waste water treatment plant. They are also located before the pumps in storm water & waste water pumping plant. In case of industrial waste water treatment there is usually no need of such equipment. These devises remove the coarse