Slight inaccuracies in time keeping by the satellites can cause errors in calculating positions. Satellites drift slightly from their predicted orbits which contributes to errors. Let the GPS receiver receive signals from 4 satellites, then there are two cases: The satellites are at 90° to each other w.r.t the GPS receiver. For demonstration purpose we will take 2 satellites

Stability analysis have been carried out for structures for most severe conditions of horizontal and vertical forces. Stability criteria are aimed at ensuring the overall safety of structure against overturning, flotation and sliding. The structures have been designed so that it should be safe against overturning at any horizontal plane within the structure at the base, or at a plane below

Streams, rivers and lakes are the major sources of surface waters. Usually these sources fulfill the requirements of municipal supplies. Water in these sources originates partly from groundwater outflows and partly from rainwater which flows over the terrestrial areas into the surface water bodies. Outflows from groundwater brings in, the dissolved solids.

Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity so that the projected need can be fulfilled for several years. In this way the cost coming on all that procedure can be justified. The landfill site should not be at locations where suitable buffer zones between land fill site and population are not available. The landfill area having steep gradient (where

Soils derive their strength from contact between particles capable of transmitting normal as well as shear forces. The contact between soil particles is mainly due to friction and the corresponding stress between the soil grains is called the effective (or inter-granular) stress s'. Thus, the shear strength of a soil is mainly governed by the effective stress. Besides the