Local scour is the Erosion occurring over a region of limited extent due to local flow conditions, such as may be caused by the presence of hydraulic structures. Scour is the result of the erosive action of flowing water excavating and carrying away material from the bed and banks of streams. Potential scour can be a significant factor in the analysis of a stream crossing system.

Magnetic declination is the horizontal angle between true north (i.e., the geographic meridian) and magnetic north (i.e., the magnetic meridian). There are two conventions for specifying the angle. One is to indicate the magnitude (e.g., 6o) and direction as E or W of north. The other considers positive values to be toward the east and negative values to be toward the west.

Demand refers to all external actions (self weight) gravity, wind, earthquake, snow all are external actions. If differential settlement occurs stresses are induced in structure. Internal stresses are also called load effects. Steel Reinforcement area should be opposite to the direction of demand e.g. in slabs the demand direction is in the direction of compression and tension i.e.

Dynamic formulae are used for driven piles. Static formulae are used both for bored and driven piles. Load testing is the most reliable method to determine the load capacity of the pile in the field. They should be performed on all piling projects. However, they are considerably more expensive than the other methods used to determine pile capacity, and economic

Classification of Bricks Based on Quality Based on uses Based on Composition Based on Manufacturing Process Tests for Bricks Compression Test Soundness Test Water Absorption Test Efflorescence Test Dimensional Tolerance Composition of a Brick Normally, brick contains the following ingredients by weight