The traditional building materials for bridges are stones, timber and steel, and more recently reinforced and pre-stressed concrete. For special elements aluminum and its alloys and some types of plastics are used. These materials have different qualities of strength, workability, durability and resistance against corrosion. They differ also in their structure

Analytic method i.e. through bearing capacity equations like using Terzaghi equation, Meyerhof equation, Hansen equation etc. Correlation with field test data e.g. Standard penetration test (SPT), Cone penetration test (CPT) etc. On site determination of bearing capacity e.g Plate load test, Pile load test. Presumptive bearing capacity (recommended bearing capacity,

It is a useful graphical technique for finding principal stresses and strains in materials. Mohr’s circle also tells you the principal angles (orientations) of the principal stresses without your having to plug an angle into stress transformation equations.

There are several methods for sewage waste disposal, and the most appropriate method of sewage disposal depends on various factors such as the scale of the system, available infrastructure, local regulations, Dry or conservatory system Water carriage system (99.9)

Non destructive testing of concrete can be defined as the test method used to examine the properties of concrete used in the actual structure. These test methods can also be said as in-situ tests or in-place tests. Traditionally these tests are said to be as the non-destructive test although some minor damage to the structure may be involved. An important feature of non