The project cost was estimated at that time to be 13/5 billion pounds and was completed in 7 years by an army of 40,000 workers who took part in the project, of which 149 died in accidents during the construction of Itaipu dam. The dam design showed that it was 18 times larger than hoover dam in USA and 9 times heavier than that. Moreover it produced 6 times more electricity

The first step in the steel manufacture begins at the blast furnace. To separate iron from iron ore ► coke (substance when gas is taken out of coal), limestone and dolomite are charged into the blast furnace. Temperature raised to 1600oF. This high temp causes the coke to burn and melt the iron. This red hot iron drained at an opening at the base of the furnace. Natural

All metals used for engineering works are classified into Ferrous metals: A) Ferrous metals: Wherein iron is the main constituent (Cast iron, wrought iron and different forms of steels) Ferrous metals ► not directly obtained from iron ores Non-Ferrous metals: Wherein iron is not the main constituent (Copper, Aluminum, Zinc and lead etc)

Roller supports are free to rotate and translate along the surface upon which the roller rests. The surface may be horizontal, vertical or slopped at any angle. Roller supports are commonly located at one end of long bridges in the form of bearing pads. This support allows bridge structure to expand and contract with temperature changes and without this expansion the forces

The irrigation system in Pakistan has brought great benefits to many people. Dependence on the natural hydrological system has been minimized and new settlements in canal irrigated areas have been established. However, the canal system has been accompanied by problems, which are increasingly difficult to overcome. Water logging and salinity are two of