Varnishes are more or less transparent liquids which are used to provide a protective surface coating in much the same way as paints do” At the same time they allow the original surface to show but add a lustrous and glossy finish to it. All varnishes have basically the same

Integral abutment bridges are joint-less bridges where the deck is continuous and connected monolithically with the abutment walls. These bridges accommodate superstructure movements without conventional expansion joints. With the superstructure rigidly connected to the substructure and with flexible substructure piling, the superstructure is

GPS are becoming very effective tools for GIS data capture. The GIS user community benefits from the use of GPS for location data capture in various GIS applications. The GPS can easily be linked to a laptop computer in the field, and with appropriate software. Thus GPS can help in several aspects of construction of accurate and timely GIS databases. GIS is about

Plan, implement, and troubleshoot any type of insulation application Invaluable to anyone who wants an in-depth understanding of thermal insulation, Insulation Handbook, by Richard T. Bynum and Daniel

In only a very few years, geosynthetics (geotextiles, geogrids, and geomembranes) have joined the list of traditional civil engineering construction materials. Often the use of a geosynthetic can significantly increase the safety factor, improve performance, and reduce costs in comparison with conventional construction alternatives. In the case of embankments on extremely