In order to produce an accurate map from aerial photograph it is absolutely necessary to established ground control. It consists in locating the positions of a no of pts. All over the area to be surveyed det their levels. These control pts short be such that can be easily identified on the photographs.

Pile foundations of various types, sizes, shapes, and materials are part of every other structure in the world. Pile foundations are often subject to both axial and lateral loads. Piles that sustain lateral loads of significant magnitude occur in offshore

There are three modes of shear failure, i.e. General, Local and Punching shear failures depending upon the compressibility of soil and depth of footing with respect to its breadth (i.e D/B Ratio). When the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil is reached, it may fail in one of the following three failure mode depending upon the type of soil and depth to width ratio of the

The compression test shows the best possible strength concrete can achieve in perfect conditions. The compression test measures concrete strength in the hardened state. Field concrete samples are prepared, cured and tested according to ASTM standard procedures. Specimens are prepared from concrete taken from

A Master Plan is a general plan for the future layout of a city showing either the existing and proposed streets or roads; open spaces public buildings, etc. A city is historically established and the most rational and sustainable form of human settlement. Owing to objective regularities of regional town planning, cities have repeatedly been rebuilt, changing their