Constants in Building Construction, Design and Analysis. Foundation wall (gravity and soil lateral loads). Headers, girders, joists, interior load- bearing walls and columns, footings (gravity loads). Exterior load-bearing walls and columns (gravity and transverse lateral load). Roof rafters, trusses, and beams; roof and wall sheathing (gravity and wind loads). Floor diaphragms

Strength can be defined as ability to resist change. One of the most valuable properties of the concrete is its strength. Strength is most important parameter that gives the picture of overall quality of concrete. Strength of concrete usually directly related to cement paste. Many factors influence the rate at which the strength of concrete increases after mixing. Before coming

Strength of hardened concrete measured by the compression test. The compression strength of concrete is a measure of the concrete's ability to resist loads which tend to compress it. The compressive strength is measured by crushing cylindrical concrete specimens in compression testing machine. The compressive strength of concrete is calculated by the failure load

Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position.

Levelling is the most widely used method of obtaining the elevations of ground points relative to a reference datum and is usually carried out as a separate procedure to those used in fixing planimetric position.