These quantities are defined relative to the original area and length of the specimen. The engineering stress (øe) at any point is defined as the ratio of the instantaneous load or force (F) and the original area (Ao).

The project's goal was to see how different liquids other than water affect the strength of cement. The object of this project was to find out how to make stronger cement which might help buildings better survive earthquakes.

The two principal types of embankment dams are earth and rock-fill dams, depending on the predominant fill material used. Some generalized sections of earth dams showing typical zoning for different types and quantities of fill materials and various methods for controlling seepage are presented in Figure 2-1.

Renewable energy can make a significant contribution to carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions reduction. It should be accepted that although through having no emissions of CO2 and other pollutants, electricity production in small hydro plants is environmentally rewarding, the fact is that due to their location in sensitive areas, local impacts are not always negligible.

The thickness of pavements depends on a number of variables, but from experience it has been found that the following factors affect the performance of pavements to a great extent. Traffic Factors, Soil Factors, Environmental Factors, Stress Distribution Factors.. Traffic is the most important factor in the pavement design. The key factors include contact pressure