It is similar to freezing and thawing action In winters to remove the ice over large structures e.g. deck of bridge etc the chemical sodium chloride NaCl or calcium chloride CaCl2 is added these chemicals decrease the freezing point of water and the ice melts. When ice melts they get dissolved in it. A super saturated solution (called brine if NaCl is used) is formed over the

Dams are considered to be a vital element for the economic and energy growth of any country. As compared with other sources of energy the Hydel energy proves to be more cheap and environment friendly. Being massive structures dams are needed to be deal with intense care and precautions in order to avoid any unpleasant event.

Water moves primarily downward due to gravity. Water infiltrates from surface and moves downward to water table or ponds on impermeable surface (clay layer, etc.) to form a Perched water table

Water is an essential requirements for all forms of the life and is considered as integral part of the living organisms life. GOD has gifted our universe with bulk amount of this valuable substance in different forms such as

These quantities are defined relative to the original area and length of the specimen. The engineering stress (øe) at any point is defined as the ratio of the instantaneous load or force (F) and the original area (Ao).