Urban drainage systems are needed in an area because of interaction between human activity and natural water cycle. This interaction has two main forms; The abstraction of water from the natural cycle to provide water supply for human life; Covering of land with impermeable surfaces that divert rainwater away from the local natural system of drainage. If untreated

Flexural strength is one measure of the tensile strength of concrete. It is a measure of an un-reinforced concrete beam or slab to resist failure in bending. It is measured by loading 6 x 6 inch (150 x 150-mm) concrete beams with a span length at least three times the depth. The flexural strength is expressed as Modulus of Rupture (MR) in psi (MPa) and is determined

The type of flow in which the particles move in a straight line in the form of a thin parallel sheets is known as the Laminar flow. Laminar flow denotes a steady condition where all stream lines follow parallel paths. Under this condition, the dye

Hydraulic jumps are very efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more controllable & less erosive. In engineering practice, the hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from overflow structures (spillways), or under flow structures (sluice gates), where velocities are height. A hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity discharges into

Self load shall be determined by either actual measurement or in accordance with IS 875 (Part I) the unit weight of wet concrete including reinforcement shall be taken as 26 kN/m². However, in absence of the data, load may be assumed as 500 N/M2 for the purpose of initial calculations. Loads during constructional operation shall constitute the imposed loads [see IS 875 (Part 2 ) Where