Take the beam model and place it on the table. it should be kept horizontally and firmly. Determine the length of the beam and also dimension of cross section.

Take a beam model and place it on a table in such away that it should be horizontal and firm. Record the length and cross section. Set the deflection gauge at a point where the deflection is to be measured.

Frame structures are the structures having the combination of beam, column and slab to resist the lateral and gravity loads. These structures are usually used to overcome the large moments developing due to the applied loading. Types of Frames: Frames structures can be differentiated into: 1. Rigid frame structure Which are further subdivided into:Pin ended, Fixed

Following are the types of distresses found in roads: Longitudinal Wheel Path Cracking (LWP), Longitudinal Joint Cracking (LJC), Pavement Edge Cracking (PEC), Transverse Cracking, Meandering Longitudinal Cracking (MLC), Alligator Cracking (AC), Rutting (RUT), Shoving

Zoom cameras Closed-circuit television Digital scanners Laser profilers Remote sensing diagnostic techniques Zoom cameras Cost and time saving preliminary inspections 
 Main premise is that most of sewer problems occur at or near maintenance holes 
 Provide good quality imagery up to 20-75 m pipe length Able to survey 150 to 1525 mm diameter sewers