Structural Design Criteria for Coastal Structures

Coastal structures are the structures that are constructed near to the coastal areas for different purposes. Different types of coastal structures are constructed under different circumstances but the criteria to be used for the selection and design of specific type of coastal structure must be authentic and comply with the standards.

Seismic Design Criteria in Earthquake Engineering

Apart from structural design and safety there are a lot of other factors that are to be considered as key players in the field of design and construction. Let's take the simple case of civil engineering that mostly deals with building design and construction. In case of structural design an optimum factor of safety is provided that will try to prevent the occurrence

Design of Screening Devices and Its Types

Located at the intakes from river, lakes & reservoirs for water treatment plant or at wet well into which main trunk sewer discharge for waste water treatment plant. They are also located before the pumps in storm water & waste water pumping plant. In case of industrial waste water treatment there is usually no need of such equipment. These devises remove the coarse

Design of Sanitary Landfill Site

The following steps should be taken that are necessary to be taken for detail design of proposed landfill site & development of treatment process concerning to site preparation: Preparing site for proper drainage of rain water by cutting of high level ground and giving it a down slope 1:400. Soil obtained from this cutting is used in providing the embankment of fencing of

Sand Trap Design Criteria & Location for Construction

Sand trap is a structure that is constructed to exclude the quantity of sand that is carried by water flowing in the channels or tunnels for power generation or irrigation or some other purposes. Sand trap is provided In the form of chambers that depends upon the discharge that is to be carried by the channel or tunnel. As it is general and true believe the life of dam

Pile Foundation - Design, Construction and Factors Affecting Piles

In foundation practices, the main point of concern is bearing capacity of soil. Bearing capacity can be defined as the maximum load that can be carried by the soil strata. When the soil is strong enough that it can carry the whole load coming on it, then we use shallow foundation. Shallow foundations are usually used where hard soil strata is available at such a depth

Millau Viaduct Bridge Design, Construction & History

Millau Viaduct multiple span single line cable stayed Bridge the tallest bridge in the world. Its highest tower stretches a staggering 343 meters in height and 2.5 km in length. It is located in southern France, and is the highest bridge in the world. It is a truly amazing piece of engineering, especially considering the method used to span the distance between

Design of High Strength Concrete Mix

The type of concrete generally with compressive strength of 6000psi (40MPa) or greater is called as HSC. Now what is mix design? Although the American Concrete Institute (ACI) doesn't use the term, preferring mix proportioning. But keeping in view the modern knowledge of concrete (especially in case of high strength concrete), we should improve the term

Hong Kong International Airport Design & Construction

Hong Kong is one of the wealthiest cities in the world. Previously, it had an airport named Kai Tak. But that was in the middle of the city, endangering human life and property. It had only one run way and the congestion was a lot rather increasing day by day. The airplanes had to fly past the apartments and the tall buildings, very nearly and risk of accident was very high. A new

Spur Dikes Design and Requirements in Geometry

Spur dikes (or groynes) are structures constructed projecting from a bank to protect the bank from erosion. These are widely used for the purpose of river training and serve one or more of the following functions: Training the river along a desired course by attracting, deflecting (or repelling) and holding the flow in a channel. An attracting spur creates deep scour

Earthquake Resistant Buildings Design

Earthquake causes shaking of the ground. So a building resting on it will experience motion at its base. From Newton's First Law of Motion, even though the base of the building moves with the ground, the roof has a tendency to stay in its original position. But since the walls and columns are connected to it, they drag the roof along with them.

Design of Formwork for Building Loads

Self load shall be determined by either actual measurement or in accordance with IS 875 (Part I) the unit weight of wet concrete including reinforcement shall be taken as 26 kN/m². However, in absence of the data, load may be assumed as 500 N/M2 for the purpose of initial calculations. Loads during constructional operation shall constitute the imposed loads [see IS 875 (Part 2 ) Where

Sand and Gravel Foundation Design for Dams

For the design of earth fill dams, presented the flow of seepage through the foundation and abutments be controlled so that no internal erosion occurs and there is no sloughing in the area where the seepage emerges. This criterion also requires that the amount of water lost through seepage be controlled so that it does not interfere with planned project functions.

Design & Analysis of Slab in SAP2000

All members should pass otherwise increase beam size to pass Design > concrete frame design > display design/np Select longitudinal reinforcement For beam, for both upper and lower face, select max value & for column select max value and calculate No. of bars

Sloping Apron Vs Horizontal Apron

There are very few stilling basins with horizontal aprons for its larger dams. It has been the consensus that the hydraulic jump on a horizontal apron is very sensitive to slight changes in tail water depth. The horizontal apron tests demonstrate this to be true for the larger values of the Froude number, but this characteristic can be remedied. If a horizontal apron is designed