The cement must be as per the approved mix design and fresh. The cement must be stored properly inside a closed container, room or must be stored on an elevated flat form and covered properly with tarpaulin.

The concrete that is prepared at the site (for pouring) is not exactly the same that is made in the laboratory with the same ratio, this difference is due to low quality control measures and insufficient monitoring system. The term ‘labcrete’ is often used to define concrete or mortar that is made and tested under strict laboratory conditions,

The layout and sizing of the hydraulic turbine and corresponding generating units can be calculated using different computation programs, United States Bureau Reclamation (USBR) manual, Corps of Engineers manuals, American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) guidelines for powerhouses and the world known

Septic tanks are now a day’s extensively used in most parts of the world and people are trying to adopt this system of removing human excreted waste.The working principal of septic tank is quite simple the bigger particles that comes with the waste water settles down at the bottom of the tank forms sludge, the greasy

Surge shaft is a structure provided at the end of headrace tunnel or pipe to account for water hammering effect in the pipe at its downstream. Surge shaft is considered to be an important component of Hydropower projects, especially for those involving headrace pressure tunnels.