A. Atterberg defined the boundaries of four states in terms of "limits". A fine-gained soil can exist in any of several states; which state depends on the amount of water in the soil system. When water is added to a dry soil, each particle is covered with a film of adsorbed water. If the addition of water is continued, the thickness of the water film on a particle increases.

Water is said to turbid when it is seen containing materials of suspension inside it. While turbidity may be defined as the measure of visible material in suspension in water, turbidity may be caused by algae or other organisms. It is generally caused by silt or clay. The amount and character of turbidity depends upon two things: Type of soil over which flows, The velocity of

The art of building a structure in stone with any suitable masonry is called stone masonry. Stone masonry may be broadly classified into the following two types: 1. Rubble Masonry 2. Ashlar Masonry. The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly dressed stone are laid in a suitable mortar is called rubble masonry. In this masonry the joints are not of uniform

"PH" value is the measure of concentration of hydrogen in water it shows the alkanity or acidity of water. Mathematically PH may be defined as: The negative log of hydrogen ion concentration. This reaction shows that the number of H4 and OH ions are equal experimentally it has been proved that the product of concentration of H4 and OH is a constant quality K,

Hard water is generally considered to be one which requires considerable amount of soap to produce foam or leather. Hard water cause scale formation in boilers heaters and hot water pipes. The rain water catches CO2 from the atmosphere when the water pass through CaCO3 rock in the Soil, these compounds make the water hard. Calcium and magnesium chlorides