1. Subgrade is the foundation of the road, thus its the lowest and most important component of road structure. 2. SUB BASE Consists of a. Upper Base Courseb. Sub or Lower Base Course... If natural surface is above the formation level then the surface is cut down to proposed sub grade surface If natural surface is below the formation level then the sub grade will be above the

Bending moment at a point or at a section is the algebraic sum of Moments caused by forces action to the left or right of that point or section. Mathematically it can be written as

While analyzing indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy (force) equilibrium, (displacement) compatibility and force-displacement relationships. Force equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure in stable equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to external loads. Displacement compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the

It is a frame structure single storey unit & includes areas for various purposes, such as transformer generator space. Ultimate Strength Design (USD) or Load and Resistance Factors Design (LRFD) method is used for structural design of all the components. The concrete used for all structural members should have a minimum 28 days cylinder crushing strength of 3,000 Psi.

A back-sight is a reading taken on a position of known coordinate(s). Since a survey progresses from a point of known position to points of unknown position, a back sight is a reading looking "backward" along the line of progress. The first reading of almost any survey job should be a back-sight onto a fixed point of reference, usually a benchmark of some sort.