A culvert is an opening through an embankment for the conveyance of water by mean of pipe or an enclosed channel. OR It is a transverse and totally enclosed drain under a road or railway. Pipe culverts are made of smooth steel, corrugated metal, or concrete material. Their primary purpose is to convey water under roads, although a variety of wildlife use them as

Loading Unit, control unit. In addition to these units, there are certain accessories like bending table, jaws for gripping recorders etc. Loading unit consists of two crossheads i.e upper cross head and lower cross head and a table

After a detailed study of research carried out here and in Europe on both conventional and geotextile filters, developed a widely used design procedure for geotextile filters for drainage and permanent erosion-control applications. The level of design required depends on the critical nature of the project and the severity of the hydraulic and soil conditions. Especially

1. Subgrade is the foundation of the road, thus its the lowest and most important component of road structure. 2. SUB BASE Consists of a. Upper Base Courseb. Sub or Lower Base Course... If natural surface is above the formation level then the surface is cut down to proposed sub grade surface If natural surface is below the formation level then the sub grade will be above the

Bending moment at a point or at a section is the algebraic sum of Moments caused by forces action to the left or right of that point or section. Mathematically it can be written as