Since the thermal expansion of concrete is different from that of masonry. The interface between the concrete and the masonry is liable to crack. To avoid this crack the chicken wire mesh is used to avoid the crack and also provides the better grip for Masonry with concrete. Similarly when the drainage pipes are laid along with the outer wall then again the connection between the pipe and

Calculate the average wastewater flow, Qavg = (70-80) % of average water consumption. Select a peak factor, PF = [(18+√P)/(4+√P)], where P = population in thousands. Calculate the peak wastewater flow, Qpeak = (PF * Qavg)

The formation of soil starts with the parent material and continues for a very long period of time taking 1000 years or more. As the parent material is weathered and / or transported, deposited and precipitated it is transformed into a soil. The parent material may be in the form of bedrock, glacial deposits, and loose deposits under water or material moving down sloping

Freeboard is the vertical distance between the crest of the embankment and the reservoir water surface. Free board can be defined in different terms such as: Normal freeboard is defined as the difference in elevation between the crest of the dam and the normal reservoir water level as fixed by design requirements. Minimum freeboard is defined as the difference in

It is the ability of a road to accommodate traffic volume. It is the maximum hourly rate at which vehicles can reasonably be expected to cross a point on a roadway during a given time period under prevailing traffic roadway and control condition. For multi lane highway it is 2000pcphpl,