Evolution of System of Transportation
“THE BRANCH OF ENGINEERING THAT FINDS WAYS TOWARDS SAFE, EFFICIENT, AND CONVENIENT MOVEMENT OF PERSONS AND GOODS USING LAND,AIR AND WATER”. Transport planning deals with planning transportation facilities which will be able to meet the present and future needs in a sustainable manner. It includes: Trip generation, Trip distribution, ModeStereoscopy - Stereoscope and Types of Stereoscope
It is defined as observing the object in SD, a process requiring a person to have normal binocular vision. A person with vision in only one eye can not see stereoscopically. If figure two eyes are separated y a distance ‘b’ called eye base or intraocular distance (65mm or 2.6//). Combined image of a and as seen left and eyes appear to fuse at ‘M’ while images of b and
Analyzing Equilibrium and Redundancy of Indeterminate Structures
While analyzing any indeterminate structure using any method, it is necessary that the solution satisfy the following requirements: Equilibrium of the Structure Compatibility of the Structure Force Displacement Requirements
Definition and Types of Structures and Structural Members
Truss (Pin connected joints): A type of structure formed by members in triangular form, the resulting figure is called a truss. In truss joints are pin connected and loads are applied at joints. No shear force & bending moment are produced. Only axial compression and axial tension is to be determined while analyzing a truss. Structural Members: Those members that are
Tunnel Engineering | Methods of Tunneling and Hazards
Tunnel, passage, gallery, or roadway beneath the ground or underwater. Tunnels are used for highway traffic, railways, and subways; to transport water, sewage, oil, and gas; to divert rivers around dam sites while the dam is being built; and for military and civil-defense purposes. Subterranean galleries are a series of horizontal passageways on different levels, as in
Spillway - Definition, Types of Spillways and Classification
There are different types of spillways that can be provided depending on the suitability of site and other parameters. Generally a spillway consists of a control structure, a conveyance channel and a terminal structure, but the former two may be combined in the same for certain types. The more common types are briefly described below: Drop, Ogee, Siphon Chute,Strain Hardening | Definition, Effects and Ductility
In the plastic region, the true stress increases continuously i.e when a metal is strained beyond the yield point, more and more stress is required to produce additional plastic deformation and the metal seems to have become more stronger and more difficult to deform. This implies that the metal is becoming stronger as the strain increases. Hence, it is called "Strain
Sources and Types of Pozzolanic Material
A simple everyday definition of 'pozzolan' could be 'a finely powdered material which can be added to lime mortar (or to Portland cement mortar) to increase durability. A more formal definition is given by ASTMC618-84 as 'a siliceous or siliceous and aluminous material which, in itself, possesses little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form in the
Soil Cement - Definition, Use in Earthfill Dams & Embankments
In recent years soil cement as a facing material for earthfill dams has been found economical where suitable riprap is not available near the site. A reasonably firm foundation is preferred so that deformation after placement of soil-cement is not significant; however, no unusual design features need be incorporated into the embankment. Normal embankment
Seepage through Earth Filled Dams and Seepage Control
Each flow path transmits the same quantity of seepage. Area bounded by two consecutive flow lines and equipotential lines is a square. Flow channel: Space between two consecutive flow lines is called flow path / flow channel. Equipotential Lines: Location of phreatic surface / phreatic line / top flow line. Properties of Flownet. Each flow path transmits the sameReverse or Ogee Curve - Definition and Making
Combination of two or more simple circular curves of different radius having their curvature in the same direction. Essentially, a compound curve consists of two curves that are joined at a point of tangency and are located on the same side of a common tangent. Though their radii are in the same direction, they are of different values. This is the process of establishingSand Trap Design Criteria & Location for Construction
Sand trap is a structure that is constructed to exclude the quantity of sand that is carried by water flowing in the channels or tunnels for power generation or irrigation or some other purposes. Sand trap is provided In the form of chambers that depends upon the discharge that is to be carried by the channel or tunnel. As it is general and true believe the life of dam
Retaining Wall - Definition and Types of Retaining Walls | Ret Wall
A retaining wall is a structure that retains (holds back) any material (usually earth) and prevents it from sliding or eroding away. It is designed so that to resist the material pressure of the material that it is holding back. An earth retaining structure can be considered to have the following types: Pre-stressed retaining wall Gravity Walls Reinforced Gravity Walls Concrete Cantilever retaining wall Counter-fort / Buttressed retaining wall Precast concrete retaining wall Prestressed retaining wallResidual Stresses - Definition, Properties and Effects
They have more surface exposure per unit volume, the flange tips tend to cool faster than flange-to-web junctures. Tension members response to load is much similar to that of tensile-test coupon . Member behavior may differ from coupon behavior because of: Residual stresses result principally from non-uniform cooling of hot rolled or welded shapes and
