If the surface is warm and moist, air in the region becomes warm and moist also. If the air then moves to different regions it takes these properties along, gradually changing in response to the new area. Air masses are designated as cold or warm and moist or dry. It is a boundary between two air masses. The term has its origins analog to military operations as the

Particles of fine grained soil are more influenced by variation in moisture content then by any other course. Soils that have ample supporting power under one set of moisture condition may be entirely unsatisfactory if the percentage of moisture change. From study of soil it in observed that between the dry state and where moisture demand is satisfied the volume

The predict the sub grade performance of the given soil. As the purpose of the sub grade is to given adequate support to the pavement thus the sub grade should posses’ sufficient stability under the adverse climate and loading conditions. Consists largely of mineral matter formed by the disintegration or decomposition of rocks, caused by the action of water,

A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites. The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. The GPS receiver with the help of the satellites determine: Time (t) Longitude(x) Latitude(y) Altitude (z)

Ideally, the axis of a culvert should coincide with that of the natural stream bed and the structure should be straight and short. This may require modification of the culvert alignment and grade. Often it is more practical to construct the culvert at right angles to the roadway. However, the