From placing to final set, concrete is in a plastic, semi-fluid state. Heavier particles (aggregates) have tendency to move down (SEGREGATION) Mix water has a tendency to move up (BLEEDING). A layer of water (~ 2 % or more of total depth of concrete) accumulates on surface, later this water evaporates or re-absorbed into concrete.

Concrete is placed in an upper. Dropped into a lower hopper to bring it to a standard state and then allowed to fall into a standard cylinder. The cylinder and concrete weighed (partially compacted weight). The concrete is fully compacted, extra concrete added and then concrete and cylinder weighed again (fully compacted weight)

If Vulnerability is reduced, risk of disaster will decrease. Prediction of earthquake only saves human losses not economic losses due to collapse. Most of earthquake occurs in ocean. Earthquake of Magnitude 6 evolves energy that is equal to 1 Hiroshima atomic bomb. Magnitude 7 ==> 100x Energy evolved = 1 Hiroshima atomic bomb. Magnitude 8 ==> 100 x

These include human and animal tissue on excretions, drugs medicinal products, swabs and dressing etc. This classification is expended due to their importance and the fact that these affect our Environment and ecological system, ultimately effect on our health. A study based on a survey of some 17 hospitals indicates that solvent and chemicals are the

In this method, the prestressing tendons are initially tensioned between fixed abutments and anchored. With the formwork in place, the concrete is cast around the highly stressed steel tendons and cured. When the concrete has reached its required strength, the wires are cut or otherwise released from the abutments. As the highly stressed steel attempts