Their main function is to facilitate regional distribution of traffic (intercity movement). They may be national or provincial roads and the type of facilities found in this class are freeways, expressways, dual carriageways and single carriageway main roads. This class of road forms the primary network for the urban area as a whole. All long distance traffic movements to

There are three distinct parts to an analysis of the stability of a slope. They are:. If the analysis is for a natural slope, it is essential that the sample be undisturbed. In such important respects as rate of shear application and state of initial consolidation, the condition of testing must represent as closely as possible the most unfavorable conditions ever likely

Consider an element at a depth z below the ground surface, When the wall is at the point of moving away (Outwards) from the backfill, there are two kinds of pressure acting on it. In this case the sand back-fill behind the retaining wall is saturated with water. The lateral pressure is made up of two components: Lateral pressure due to submerged weight (gamma)

The ballast should be renewed from time to time, because due to continuous hammering the ballast converted into the powder form. This powder along with dust, sand ashes from locomotive form an impervious layer and prevent the ease flow of water through ballast. Ballast maximum size is 1.9 to 5.0 cm with some reasonable proportion of intermediate sizes.

The purpose of the rail joint are to hold the two ends of the rail in place and act as a bridge between rail ends. Joint is made up of two bars or more commonly called angled bars. Joint bars prevent lateral or vertical movement of the rail ends and permit the longitudinal movement of the rails for expanding or contracting. ermit the longitudinal movement of the rails for expanding or contracting. Standard Compromise Insulated Joints