In hydrology we apply scientific knowledge and mathematical principles to solve water-related problems in society: problems of quantity, quality and availability. Mathematical models of all Hydrological phenomena are made.

Precipitation takes place when a body of moisture cools sufficiently for it to become saturated in water droplets and ice crystals, upon condensation. Air may be cooled in a number of ways i.e. By meeting of air masses of different temperature. By coming into contact with a cold object such as ground (mountains). The most important mechanism is uplift of air, as air

All the forms of precipitation are measure on the basis of vertical depth of water that would accumulate on a level surface of precipitation remained where it fell. In metric system precipitation is measure in millimeters and tenths. Any open receptacle with vertical side can be used as a gauges for measuring rainfall. These refined receptacles with vertical side can be

There are various scientific theories of origin and evolution of the earth

Seismology is study of the generation, propagation and recording of the elastic waves and the source that produce them. Engineering geology is the application of geological data, techniques and principles to the study of rock and soil surfacing materials, and ground water. This is essential for the proper location, planning, design, construction, operation and maintenance of engineering structures.