Types of dams on the basis of materials used in dam construction Rigid Dams (Concrete dams, steel dams, timber dams etc) Non-Rigid dams (Beam Design Formulas , rockfill dams)

At least 20% of the world ’s more than 9 000 fresh water fish species have become extinct, threatened or endangered in recent years. The watersheds of the world are the habitat of 40% of the world’s fish species, and provide many ecosystem functions ranging from nutrient recycling and water purification to soil replenishment and flood control.

Curves are provided whenever a road changes its direction from right to S (vice versa) or changes its alignment from up to down (vice versa). Curves are a critical! element in the pavement design. They are provided with a maximum speed limit that should lie followed very strictly. Following the speed limit becomes essential as the exceed in speed may lead to the chances of

Piles are relatively long and slender members used to transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock having a higher bearing capacity. The method by which this occurs is the basis of the simplest pile type classification. We have two main Pile Types (Classification of Piles): 1. End-Bearing piles, 2. Friction (or floating) piles

Deep beams are structural elements loaded as simple beams in which a significant amount of the load is carried to the supports by a compression force combining the load and the reaction. As a result, the strain distribution is no longer considered linear, and the shear deformations become significant when compared to pure flexure. Floor slabs under horizontal load, short