The vertical measuring equipment in surveying are major summed into two but other instruments still exist. The two major ones are: Measurement by surveying levels Barometric – pressure devices

Hydrologic and hydraulic flood analysis are required for planning, design & management facilities. Analysis are needed to determine mar-flood elevation and depth, areas of inundation, sizing channels, levee height, design of highway crossing & culverts and many other.

Driver error is the cause of 90 percent of all police-reported car crashes in the United States. Currently, U.S. research is focused on countering vehicle collisions. Initially, these could be infrastructure-only systems that rely solely on roadside warning devices to signal drivers. Ultimately, the emerging systems could evolve into cooperative systems that

These are structural separation between building elements that allow independent movement without damage to the assembly. Expansion joints are designed to safely absorb the thermal expansion and contraction of various construction materials, to absorb vibration. They are commonly provided in bridges, railway tracks, piping systems, and other structures. Control

Dams built up on small scale by compacting successive layers of earth, using the most impervious materials to form a core and placing more permeable substances on the upstream and downstream sides. A facing of crushed stone prevents erosion by wind or rain, and a suitable spillway, usually of concrete, protects against catastrophic overflow of the dam. Small