The minimum amount of steel reinforcement is defined as that for which "peak load at first concrete cracking" and "ultimate load after steel yielding" are equal. In this way, any brittle behavior is avoided as well as any localized failure, if the member is not over-reinforced. In other words, there is a reinforcement percentage range, depending on the size-scale,

Irregular supply of water in the rivers is then regulated by construction of dams & barrages. Canal system irrigates a vast area. Even the deserts have been made productive. Cheap labour and availability of cement reduces the cost of canal construction. Huge quantities of water from Monsoon rainfall & melting of snow can be stored in reservoirs during

The vinyl paints are ideal for items that get repainted every few years. It does not last quite as long. There is some new paint that goes on almost twice as thick as normal paint. They come with a lifetime warranty against peeling and blistering. Following are some of the characteristics of good paints:

Irrigation canals are constructed with some permissible bed slopes so that there is no silting or scouring in the canal bed. But it is not always possible to run the canal at the desired bed slope throughout the alignment due to the fluctuating nature of the country slope. Generally, the slope of the natural ground surface is not uniform throughout the alignment. Sometimes,

It is the method of disinfection by which the micro organisms are killed if chlorine & its components are used. Chlorination serves not only for disinfection, but as an oxidant for other substances (iron, manganese, cyanide, etc) & for taste & odor control in water & wastewater.