Granular base course refers to a layer of compacted granular material that is used as a foundation or sub-base for various construction projects, particularly in road and pavement construction. It is an essential component of the pavement structure and provides support, stability, and drainage for the upper layers.

Dam filters play a crucial role in the overall stability and functionality of embankment dams. These filters are designed to control and manage seepage through the dam structure, preventing erosion and maintaining the long-term integrity of the dam. In this article, we will explore the significance of dam filters and discuss Terzaghi's rules, a set of

Chlorine is a highly reactive element, readily forming compounds with other elements. It has a strong tendency to gain one electron to achieve a stable electron configuration, resulting in the formation of chloride ions (Cl-). Chlorine can react with a wide range of substances, including metals, nonmetals, and organic compounds.

While estimating the water demand, the above factors should be considered e.g. the size of the city; its population does matter when estimating the water demand. The more the size of population, more will be the demand. Estimation of water demand is necessary to:

To understand nature of particles that comprise TSS in wastewater, measurement of particle size is undertaken. PSD important in assessing effectiveness of treatment processes (secondary sedimentation, effluent filtration, and effluent disinfection).