Shear area refers to the portion of a structural element that resists shear forces, while bearing area refers to the contact surface between two elements that transmit compressive forces. Accurate determination and proper consideration of shear and bearing areas are fundamental in designing steel structures to ensure their safe

Lateral torsional buckling and local buckling are two critical phenomena that engineers must consider when designing steel structures. Understanding these behaviors is essential for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of steel beams and columns. This article provides an overview of lateral torsional buckling and local buckling, their causes, and

Designing a cofferdam involves several steps to ensure its stability, functionality, and safety during construction activities. Here is a general overview of the design process for a cofferdam: Site Investigation and Assessment: Conduct a thorough site investigation

The placement of engineered structures on or near the coastline must be contemplated with extreme care. In general, alteration of the natural coastline comes with an associated environmental penalty. Hard (structures made of stone, steel, concrete, etc.) or soft (beach nourishment, sediment-filled bags, etc.) engineering structures can

Sea walls are vertical or near-vertical structures constructed along the coastline to provide protection against wave action and coastal erosion. Groynes are long, linear structures built perpendicular to the shoreline. They trap sediment and help maintain or build up beaches.