Paint can be applied as a solid, a gaseous suspension (aerosol) or a liquid. Techniques vary depending on the practical or artistic results desired. As a solid (usually used in industrial and automotive applications), the paint is applied as a very fine powder, then baked at high temperature. This melts the powder and causes it to adhere (stick) to the surface. The reasons

This is the easiest method in plane tabling. It is used when: All the details are visible and accessible from one instrument station The ground is level and smooth Distances are so small that can be measured with single tape

Plaster of Paris is a Calcium sulfate semi-hydrate (CaSO4,½ H2O) derived from Gypsum, a calcium sulfate di-hydrate (CaSO4, 2H2O), by firing this mineral at relatively low temperature and thus reducing it to powder. In 1700’s, Paris was already the “Capital of plaster” since all the walls of wooden houses were covered with plaster, as a protection against fire. The King

In foundation practices, the main point of concern is bearing capacity of soil. Bearing capacity can be defined as the maximum load that can be carried by the soil strata. When the soil is strong enough that it can carry the whole load coming on it, then we use shallow foundation. Shallow foundations are usually used where hard soil strata is available at such a depth

Plastic analysis is defined as the analysis in which the criterion for the design of structures is the ultimate load. We can define it as the analysis inelastic material is studied beyond the elastic limit (which can be observed in stress strain diagram). Plastic analysis derives from a simple mode failure in which plastic hinges form. Actually the ultimate load is found from the