Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Structures
Experimental testing may be adequate to determine the seismic performance of a single building. However, it is not feasible to determine the seismic performance of a building stock, located in a city, by experimentally testing their representative models. Therefore, seismic performance of a building stock located in a city is evaluated by using a technique known as
Types of Surface Distresses in Road Pavements
Following are the types of distresses found in roads: Longitudinal Wheel Path Cracking (LWP), Longitudinal Joint Cracking (LJC), Pavement Edge Cracking (PEC), Transverse Cracking, Meandering Longitudinal Cracking (MLC), Alligator Cracking (AC), Rutting (RUT), Shoving
Techniques for Sewer Condition Assessment
Zoom cameras Closed-circuit television Digital scanners Laser profilers Remote sensing diagnostic techniques Zoom cameras Cost and time saving preliminary inspections 
 Main premise is that most of sewer problems occur at or near maintenance holes 
 Provide good quality imagery up to 20-75 m pipe length Able to survey 150 to 1525 mm diameter sewers 
Factors Affecting Selection of UUL Technologies
Every underground utility locating technology has its own limitations. 
There is no single technology that can be used for every type of utility, soil type, and site. Many factors, including characteristics of expected underground utilities, geological conditions at the site, environmental
Underground Utility Locating Technologies
The most widely used approach for wastewater pipelines condition assessment is to define condition states based on a set of variables collected by visual inspections. A state is defined as “a combination of specific level of variables that provides a complete description of the dynamic behavior of the system”. The current condition of an asset and its likely rate of
