Earth Pressure Coefficients - Active Earth Pressure, Passive Earth Pressure

Retaining structures:

The structure used to retain or support the material/soil is called retaining structure. e,g retaining walls, which may be of RCC, brick or stone masonry or sheet piling etc

Retaining walls:

A retaining wall is a structure designed to sustain the material pressure of earth or other materials as grains, ores, etc

Surcharge:

The material which lie above the horizontal level of the retaining structure is known as surcharge. The angle which this material makes with the retaining wall is called surcharge angle.

Lateral Earth Pressure

In 1929 Terzaghi (The Father of Soil Mechanics) conducted experiments on the retaining wall and showed the relation of pressure on the wall if wall changes its position i.e to move inwards to the backfill, outwards of it or remain at its place. There are three types of earth pressures on the basis of the movement of the wall.

1. Earth Pressure at rest
2. Active Earth Pressure
3. Passive Earth Pressure

These are explained below

Pressure at rest:

When the wall is at rest and the material is in its natural state then the pressure applied by material is known as Earth Pressure at Rest. It is represented by Po.

Active earth pressure:

When the wall moves away from the backfill, there is a decrease in the pressure on the wall and this decrease continues untill a minimum value is reaceh after which their is no reduction in the pressre and the value will become constant. This kind of pressure is known as active earth pressure.

Passive earth pressure:

When the wall moves towards the backfill, there is an increase in the pressure on the wall and this increase continues untill a maximum value is reaceh after which their is no increase in the pressre and the value will become constant. This kind of pressure is known as passive earth pressure.

This means that when the wall is about to slip due to lateral thrust from the backfill, a resistive force is applied by the soil in front of the wall.

Coefficients of Earth Pressure - Earth Pressure Coefficient

On a small unit at depth Z in the back there are two kinds of pressure.

1. Vertical Earth pressure:
   The pressure applied in the vertical direction due to the backfill lying above it.

2. Horizontal Earth pressure:
   The pressure applied in the horizontal direction due to backfill is called the horizontal pressure or laterla earth pressure

Coefficient of active earth pressure at rest:

When the retaining wall is at rest then the ratio between the lateral earth pressure and the vertical pressure is called the co-efficient of the earth pressure at rest,

Ko = lateral pressure / vertical pressure

Co-efficent of active earth pressure:

When the retaining wall is moving away from the backfill the the ratio between lateral earth pressure and vertical earth pressure is called coeeficient of active earth pressure.

Ka = lateral pressure / vertical pressure

Coeffiecnt of passive earth pressure:

When the retaining wall is moving towards the backfill, then the ratio between the lateral earth pressure and the vertical earth pressure is called the Coeffiecnt of passive earth pressure.

Ka =lateral pressure / vertical pressure

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Compaction of soil, its uses and effects	Classification of Soil
Bearing Capacity of Soil	Sieve Analysis
Beam Design Formulas	Atterberg's Limits
Earth retaining structures	Soil Constituents its types and properties