An Experiment on Hydraulic Jump

Objectives of the experiments:

1. To create the hydraulic jump.

2. To verify the questions of fluid flow.

3. To determine the slatrility & characteristics of the hydraulic jump obtained in the lab using Impulse momentum & specific energy equations.

4. To compare measured flow depths with theoretical results.

Theoretical background:

Hydraulic jumps are very efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more controllable & les erosive. In engineering practice, the hydraulic jump frequently appears downstream from overflow structures (spillways), or under flow structures (slvice gates), where velocities are height.

A hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower velocity only if the 3 independent velocities (y1, y2, fr1) of the hydraulic jump equation conform to the following equation:

Y2 = y1/2 [-1+√1+8Fr2 ]

Fr2 = 92/9y3

Apparatus:

• Glass walled flume with sluice gates & a spillway arrangement

• Point gauges

• Manometer & scales

• Pump

Procedure for Hydraulic Jump Experiment:

1. I started the pump to supply water to the flume.

2. Then I closed the tail gate to allow water to accumulate and to develop hydraulic jump.

3. I adjusted the position of the hydraulic jump by adjusting the amount of closure of slvice gate.

4. I then measured the depth of the bed of flume by using a point gauge.

5. In the next step , I measured water surface level before it had crossed the spillway.

6. Then I measured height of spillway & the depth of water over the spillway.

7. Using the point gauges I then determined the water surface levels downstream of the jump.

8. Then I measured y1 & y2.

9. I repeated the measurement steps again for a different flowchart.

Results:

Sources of errors:

Human errors:

1. Errors occurred during measurements i.e. by taking erroneous reading of depths or in micrometer.
2. Errors occurred in operation of slvice gates.

Instrumentation error:

• Leakage from the flume
• Assumptions of ideal conditions did not prevail:
• Ideal conditions which prevailed in the theoretical equations were not there and frictional forces also had some effect on the experiment.

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